Do the Benefits of Social Networking Outweigh the Risks

More than 350 million people log into social networking sites each day. While this might be just another fact to support the theory that many people are addicted to social media, one might be tempted to wonder if social media sites have any benefits. The risks and dangers commonly associated with social media certainly seem to disregard these. However, upon closer examination of social media and the possible uses of such sites, a more suitable and reasonable statement is that social media do indeed have benefits that outweigh these risks and dangers. Social media, even with some of its disadvantages, can prove to benefit the education of many young students, if used appropriately. Source B states that Student research participants†¦show more content†¦The video that the 14-year old teen posted was one well-received by many, as it has received millions of views around the world, showing that social media can be used as a means of effective communication across long distances. A Reddit user touched the hearts of many in the online community by posting a simple image gallery of his girlfriend’s nephew, who needed a bone marrow transplant. He asked for donations to help out his family, and within hours, the Internet community had pitched in $31,000 for the cause, and less than a week later, the total had risen to about $55,000. Even if cyber bullying were to break out during this event, one could argue that the pathos conveyed in this photoset will appeal to all kinds of people using social media, and will most likely bring out their kindness in order to express sympathy, among other emotions. Money is fairly hard to earn these days in such a weak economy. Social media, then, creates an intimate feeling of trust among those who participated. Social media can be used to benefit one’s social skills and morals and in general, the social community at large around the world. It is possible to use social media to expand organizations and allow them to reach more audiences. As stated in Source B, â€Å"Studies suggest that approximately 70 percent of all organizations engage in structured collaboration using online social learning tools such as blogs, wikis andShow MoreRelatedThe Positive Effect of Social Media Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesEffect of Social Media Since the birth of social media people have argued whether it has a positive or negative effect on society. Social media outlets like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram give people a chance to stay connected. Although, with the power of social media comes the possibility of cyber bullying. While there are some negatives associated with social media, the positives in communication all around, has made the world stronger and a better place to live in. 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Strategies For Implementation Of Health Care Reform Within...

Strategies for implementation of Health Care Reform within Criminal Justice Many correctional professionals believe that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act have provided a major change to the way justice involved populations’ access health care in the community. Being able to secure health insurance especially Medicaid allowing more access to health care including behavioral health programs that will improve outcomes and positively impacts by reducing rates for returning to jail or prison. This should be an integral part of reentry programs. Having health insurance will augment the chance of successful reentry. There are multiple strategies for implementing health care reform with criminal justice agencies at every†¦show more content†¦Change of any system is process driven and requires the focus and attention from multiple sources. It will take a group of dedicated individuals who are willing to take on the challenges of implementing new ways of doing business. Assuring that everyone begins with the same understanding of both healthcare reform and the criminal justice system will be vital in making the appropriate system changes. There are certain pieces of information that will be essential for understanding health care reform. For some, this will be a quick review of information that is already known. For others, some information may be new however assuring that everyone involved begins with the same knowledge will be important. This document will provide numerous links to resources that have been developed by federal agencies, state and local governmental entities, national associations and non-profit groups. Step I – Knowing the basics There has been much written about the changing health care environment as a result of the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (public Law 111-148). This bill created changes in the availability of health insurance by expanding coverage, holding insurance companies accountable while guaranteeing more choices. It including lowering health care costs for some individuals and expanded the Medicaid program in states. The expansion in Medicaid was intended to provide health coverage for

Mathematics Education As A Research Domain †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Mathematics Education As A Research Domain? Answer: Introduction Globally, the education systems considers Mathematics or Arithmetic a crucial foundation course for all learners. This is the study of numbers, quantity, patterns, processes, logic and space among others. Mathematical reasoning comprises of systematic models, which lead to the acquisition of numeracy skills. Therefore, Math is necessary for making scientific deductions and developing numeracy. The difference between Math and Numeracy lies in their concepts. The two also have similarities in application. Mathematics The Mathematical calculations facilitate for the development of different discoveries(Sierinska Kilpatrick, 2012). Under the mathematic laws, objectivity provides concrete evidence for applications in real life situations. Its classification includes pure and applied mathematics. Pure mathematical concepts such as arithmetic is useful in scientific studies like engineering and physics. It presents ideas and models for studying abstract phenomenon such as abstract research on space distance. Its ideas also provide solutions in applied mathematics for subjects like social research. Mathematics simplifies notions and classifies case studies. Algebra, which is part of its study, provides rules for manipulating numbers. It also comprises of geometry, which focuses on figures, shapes and sizes. Numeracy Numeracy is a skill obtained from studying Mathematics. Learners who have the ability to use numbers and Math concepts have numeracy skills(Purpura, Hume, Sims, Lonigan, 2011). Being literate in Math calls for an ability to reason using numbers. It involves the use of a wide variety of concepts in problem solving. Referred to as logic reasoning or thinking it consists of knowledge in calculations, data interpretation, reading charts, processes and numbers. Reasoning through numbers calls for an understanding of Mathematical concepts such as arithmetic, statistics, geometry, and others. Learners have different levels of numeracy therefore the assessment levels also vary. For example, foundation mathematics teaches basic mathematic concepts like addition, subtraction and multiplication. Advanced learners know how to make deductions from complex concepts like ratios, probabilities and matrices. Professional numeracy involves the use of multiple concepts. Similarities between Math and Arithmetic The development of numeracy skills starts at an early stage and develops to maturity depending on the exposure of the learner. Competency in numeracy skills dictates that the learner has the ability to process, make interpretation and communicate mathematic concepts effectively. This calls for a combination of different ideas such as the analysis and interpretation of frequencies, graphs and trends. Thus, Math and numeracy are similar in application. Their concepts overlap during application. Both concepts have evolved over time and they apply to real life situations. Numeracy helps people run bank accounts and make purchases while Math helps business people to make transactions. Both involve the use of numbers for problem solving. The application of Mathematics and numbers is evident in the creation of timetables, and setting the time. Preschool and early numeracy learning Evidence: Pirjo, A., Pekka, H., Joannes, E. H., Jari-Matt, V. (2014). The development of early numeracy skills in kindergaten in low-average-and high perfomance groups. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 13(1), 3-16 Description: Pirjo, Pekka, Joannes, Jari-Matt (2014) note that the development of early numeracy skills in preschool children is different in all children. Though numeracy starts early, there are factors which influence the development of numeracy in preschoolers. Teachers support this development by breaking down complex arithmetic lessons into simple tasks that learners enjoy. Rationale: This resource supports the mental capacities and the development of numeracy skills. Understanding numbers starts with early development of math skills(Stanberry, 2017). Young learners between 2 and 5 years learn math by counting physical objects from memory. Activities such as measuring water jars, counting bubbles and building blocks simplify math concepts for the learners. Numerical skills acquired through interesting math concepts from real world examples are memorable(Yelland, 2011). However, the mind develops through training and learning activities. Learners need professionally trained teachers to develop complex numerical skills. Although there are inborn abilities, this age group also learns numeracy from exposure(Morales, Calvo, Bialystok, 2013). Application: Learning mathematical concepts is easier with practical examples from what children have seen, touched or interacted with and kids games are excellent. Computerized games and rhymes also use common themes that children can comprehend. Learning through fun and games or audiovisual shapes childrens memory. Children in preschool learn counting by shapes, numbers and simple charts. In order to acquire numeracy, learners draw, classify and count different items. Singing in numerical themes is one way to motivate arithmetic learning. The preschool themes come to life with experiences that children can connect and interact with when learning. Among these are video clips of activities done with parents and caregivers. Math in the real world reveals challenges and opportunities. Buying items at the groceries provides a number of math ideas for learners. This is a chance for children to learn math addition, subtraction, and shapes. Using a video on the market place reminds childre n of shopping experiences. Using their favorite fruits helps them to add fruits and vegetables. This age may not be conversant with pricing but will learn counting and subtracting items. Age, vocabulary and attention abilities are some factors, which determine the effectiveness of the learning process(Melissa, Lisa, Halberda, 2013). Videos, toys, the internet, books, and magazines are some useful learning resources for preschool mathematics. Planned Play and Incidental Play Experiences Evidence: Robinson, K. (2011). Out of our minds: Learning to be creative. John Wiley Sons Description: Using interesting and creative ideas stimulates the learners mind(Robinson, 2011). Play based learning curriculum consists of creative games such as dancing, ball games and building blocks. In order to develop numeracy effectively, a teacher adds incidental play experiences in the learning environment. Leaning math is interesting with colorful blocks made of different shapes. Rationale: Structured play needs planned and incidental experiences because children can recognize shapes and symbols depending on familiarity. Shaping a students attitude towards math calls for the incorporation of fun in learning. Further research shows the importance of building blocks in helping students to learn math(Clements, Sarama, Spitler, Lange, Wolfe, 2011). The resource identifies planned play as effective in the development of math because it relies on research evidence. Planned play includes outdoor and indoor activities that children enjoy. Psychologists and educational researchers encourage the use of creativity in solving problems and brainstorming. However, learning outcome is not always positive and it hinders the childs ability to become independent in creativity. Application: Creating a conducive learning environment fosters learning through Incidental play. Children develop math ideas through incidences like drawing. The combination of songs and sequence images helps young learners to connect numbers and their symbols. Having a song board in the play school connects the learner to unplanned learning. This environment is conducive for children with mental challenges like Autism(Baron-Cohen, Tager-Flusberg, Lombardo, 2013). Shaping arithmetic skills needs both planned and incidental learning activities. This is important because it replaces negative behavior with attention and interactive behavior. Family members and caregivers are important elements in incidental learning because children also grasp information from observation and repeated action(Jonassen Land, 2012). Effective and efficient learning involves both formal and informal processes. ECD learning is important in shaping futures math careers therefore a learning institution needs a good plan. Planned play is effective in mentorship programs and professional training. Planned play sticks within the curriculum in order to ensure that learners understand variety of concepts. On the other hand, incidental learning is good for reflective, experimental and impromptu learning. An integrated model provides a comprehensive approach that caters for classroom and out of class learning for the effective development of numeracy(Entwistle, 2013). Mathematics in primary school Evidence: Beswick, K. (2012). Teachers' beliefs about school mathematics and mathematicians' mathematics and their relationship to practice. Educational Studies in mathematics, 79(1), 127-147 Description: Learning mathematics in primary school forms the foundation of careers in mathematics, but does not shape a mathematician. School mathematics has a different focus from its practice in real life. The classroom math has different activities from what mathematician practice. Based on these differences, it is difficult to predict a students outcome at primary level. Rationale: A successful learning experience in math could lead to a mathematician career. However, the field of mathematics practice is highly diversified. Primary level learners have a wide variety of subjects to choose from and this makes it hard to predict a students trend or career choice. A good mathematics foundation prepares learners for careers in different sectors including sciences and technology careers (McAleavy, 2012). In order to shape a primary school student into a mathematician the student needs exposure to a math-oriented curriculum. This is important in sharpening the ability to memorize, develop progression and focus on numeracy continuously. Application: Mathematics as a subject is complex. It requires a comprehensive learning approach that encourages innovative and friendly training. This is a better option than coercive training, which affects the learners attitude. The process of training future mathematicians follows learning theories such as constructivism, which has instrumental and progressive learning(Jonassen Land, 2012). Its effect supports knowledge obtained from the cognitive abilities and the nurturing environment. As a result, the learner can pursue different interests. A learners attitude is important in an arithmetic based career. Choosing to focus on numeracy prepares a learner for an independent professional development. A mathematicians career needs an in-depth analysis of concepts giving the learner confidence. The primary school learning environment helps the student to learn standard procedures while discovering strategies for solving mathematical problems. This stage motivates and removes any anxi eties that the student may have. Primary arithmetic shapes the cognitive in order to prepare the learner for complex problems in future. Different grades have concepts to develop the reasoning capacity in stages (Mrbee, 2017). Among these is Meta recognition, rules of calculation, concepts and identification of facts. Math and the learning environment Evidence: Charlesworth, R. (2015). Math and science for young children. Cengage. Description: The learning environment determines the successful implementation of science and math subjects. It encourages awareness creation through the stimulation of ideas. Education in numeracy combines extrinsic factors such as assessments, curriculum, professional instruction and coaching. Mathematical skills mature over time hence a conducive environment caters for different approaches including classroom, audio visual and outdoor learning. Rationale: An example of a stimulating math-learning environment is the Princeton International School of Mathematics and Science(PRISMS, 2016). In this environment, learners experiment and share knowledge. The students also participate in the content development of the curriculum. The authenticity of the curriculum has in mind the learners ability and motivations. As a result, its evaluation and learning processes shape the learner into becoming mathematicians and scientists. Although this conditioned learning is effective in focusing the learners attention, it limits the students creative abilities to innovate and diversify into different careers. This may also have monotony, which affects the motivation and students efficiency. Application: Researchers support a mixed learning environment because it is inclusive(Salvia, Ysseldyke, Witmer, 2012). A math-learning environment is exclusive and it targets specific qualifications and learners. Students wishing to join such learning institutions need to pass certain tests. Its curriculum design provides an opportunity for professional development. Students have a chance to explore each other and widen their curiosity. Having common standards of learning within the learning environment encourages the development of the subject and it encourages competence( National Research Council, 2012). The learning environment is crucial for individuals and teams. Behaviorist propose the use of rewards for a positive outcome in a learning environment. Math students need both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in order to succeed(Sadler, Sonnert, Hazari, Tai, 2012). Pursuing a career in mathematics calls for inner drive. Evidently, learners in preschool, primary and high schoo l levels learn math at different levels because children have multiple intellectual abilities. However, specialization in professional development calls for a focus. When designing the learning environment for the development of numeracy skills, it is important to consider the teaching strategies. This encourages consistency and learners can gain knowledge by exploration. Motivating learners for numeracy skills Evidence: Attard, C. (2014). I dont like it, I dont love it, and I dont mind. Introducing a framework for engagement with mathematics. Curriculum Perspective, 34(3), 1-14 Description: The primary and secondary school curriculum comprises of mathematics as one of the major subjects. The significance of numeracy skills is evident in learners literacy levels. However, a good number of learners lack the passion for math. How can teachers motivate learners to develop a passion and open mind for mathematics? Rationale: The process of learning numeracy through mathematics is important. Its agenda is to prepare competent learners ready for the professional and real life application. The environment needs an effective environment for reasoning, planning and learning. Factors affecting the learner include foundational learning, exposure to the external environment and individual drive(Dabbah Kitsantas, 2012). Each student has a perception on his or her learning environment. Some students learn better through exploration while others embrace learning through the social environment. Learning environments have both formal and informal approaches in order to accommodate all kinds of learners. However, having an environment that motivates all individuals is impossible. Application: The development of numeracy skills has different effects on learners. Some pursue math courses in order to develop problem-solving skills. In other incidences learner intends to understand the basic concepts. However motivating them towards pursuing math related careers takes individual efforts(Posamentier, 2013). Every learning institution needs to invest in quality teachers and curriculum development for intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The performance of the learning teams depends on the personality of the teachers, the classroom environment, motivation from the school and learning techniques. The development of numeracy is a continuous process and visible change in individuals is important. Classroom and out of class challenges stimulate the learner but practical application gives them the interest. The use of puzzles and games makes the games practical. Learning math is important for numeracy skills. It provides important skills for everyday life. Baking requires accurate measures of ingredients, and surveyors make use of perimeter, circumference and length measurements to allocate land. Numeracy helps professionals and leaners across different levels. Its wide knowledge comprises of different theories and symbols for problem solving, estimation, measurements and mathematical ideas. This makes math subjects useful across different industries. Students should learn about its wide variety of definitions for different subjects of study, scientific and artistic applications(Brophy, 2013). New modalities and math Evidence: Beschorner, B., Hutchinson, A. (2013). Ipads as a literacy teaching tool in early childhood. Online Submission, 1(1), 16-24 Description: Beschorner Hutchinson ( 2013) agrees that the use of technoloogy is important today. Young children use ICT applications and devices for classroom learning. The use of ipads as a teaching method is preschool has its pros and cons. In mathematics, the counting games support the learners by boosting their thinking ability. Rationale: The new modalities of teaching and learning mathematics includes ICT applications and devices. These technology tools enhance learning through lively digital experiences. This gives children the exposure to modern learning techniques. Although there have been concerns that the use of computer in learning alters the teaching modalities, there are some play school games that are beneficial. Incorporating them in the planned and incidental play has more benefits than harm. The creative use of ICT in the development of numeracy skills needs effective model that will not hinder social development of the child. Preschool learning is supposed to be holistic(Desoete, Ceulemans, De Weerdt, Pieters, 2012). Application: The use of counting games within an Early Childhood context is effective and does not inhibit play behavior. In order to create an engaging activity using ICT, devices such as iPads have computer supported learning (CSCL) themes, which young people enjoy (Light Blaye). Research on the use of tablets for home and school learning environments agrees that tablets have practical applications for learning numeracy(Neumann Neumann, 2014). However, in order to avoid misusing technology in learning, the effective use of the iPad, is important. This will distinguish between its impact as a teaching support tool and its effective use by learners and teachers. Children can easily learn about mathematic symbols and shapes through the images and pictures portrayed in audiovisual technology. Educational software provides 3D and animation characters for easy learning. The games improve children creativity and problem solving skills for a positive attitude in learners. However, techno logy may not be affordable for all students. Teachers also need to monitor preschoolers use of technology for the greatest benefits. Web based platforms provide a wider scope of understanding and it enhances the instructional delivery modules. It also encourages learners to explore mathematics with an open mind for future development. Conclusion Numeracy is the ability to understand and interpret patterns, formulations and logic and applications is numeracy. Useful for theoretical applications, it provides practical approaches for daily functions and operations. Mathematical subjects prepare learners by equipping them with these skills. Early childhood development shapes the trend for the future. However, it takes a continuous learning process for a learner to focus on a career in math. This may not happen in preschool nor primary level. Whether physical or digital, the learning environment needs to have important elements that encourage the development of a mathematician. This includes teachers, learning platforms, curriculum and the social surrounding. References National Research Council. (2012). A framework for K-12 science education: Practices, crosscutting concepts and core ideas. National Academies Press. Attard, C. (2014). I dont like it, I dont love it, and I dont mind. Introducing a framework for engagement with mathematics. Curriculum Perspective, 34(3), 1-14. Baron-Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H., Lombardo, M. (2013). Understanding other minds: Perspectives from developmental social neuroscience. Oxford University Press. Beschorner, B., Hutchinson, A. (2013). Ipads as a literacy teaching tool in early childhood. Online Submission, 1(1), 16-24. Beswick, K. (2012). Teachers' beliefs about school mathematics and mathematicians' mathematics and their relationship to practice. Educational Studies in mathematics, 79(1), 127-147. Bishop, E., Bridges, D. (2012). Constructive analysis. Springer Science Business Media. Brophy, J. (2013). Motivating students to learn. Routledge. Charlesworth, R. (2015). Math and science for young children. Cengage. Clements, C. D., Sarama, J., Spitler, M. A., Lange, A., Wolfe, C. B. (2011). Mathematics learned by young children in an intervention based on learning trajectories: A large-scale cluster randomized trial. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 42(2), 127-166. Dabbah, N., Kitsantas, A. (2012). Personal Learning Environments, social media, self regulated: A natural formula for connecting formal and informal learning. The Internet and higher education, 15(1), 3-8. Desoete, A., Ceulemans, A., De Weerdt, F., Pieters, S. (2012). Can we predct mathematical learning from symbolic and non symbolic comparison tasks in kidergarten? Findings from a longitudinal study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 64-81. Entwistle, N. (2013). Styles of learning and teaching: An integrated outline of educational psychology for students, teachers and lecturers. Routledge. Jonassen, D., Land, S. (2012). Theoretical foundations of learning environments. Routledge. Light, P., Blaye, A. (n.d.). Collaborative problem solving with hypercard: The influence of peer interaction on planning and information handling strategies. In C. O'Malley, Computer Supported Collaborative Learning. McAleavy, T. (2012, July 20). Exploring different approaches to teaching primary maths. The Guardian. Retrieved September 16, 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/2012/jul/20/primary-maths-programme Melissa, E. l., Lisa, F., Halberda, J. (2013). Is appropriate number precision a stable or math ability? Learning and individual differences, 25, 126-133. Morales, J., Calvo, A., Bialystok, E. (2013). Working memory development in monolingual and bilingual children. Journal of experimental child psychology, 114(2), 187-202. Mrbee, T. (2017, June 23). Developing reasoning skills in primary school pupils. Retrieved September 14, 2017, from thirdspacelearning: https://www.thirdspacelearning.com/blog/2017/developing-reasoning-how-to-improve-maths-reasoning-skills-in-primary-school-pupils Neumann, D., Neumann, M. (2014). Touch screen tablets and emergent literacy. Early Childhood Educational Journal, 42(4), 231-239. Pirjo, A., Pekka, H., Joannes, E. H., Jari-Matt, V. (2014). The development of early numeracy skills in kindergaten in low-average-and high perfomance groups. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 13(1), 3-16. Posamentier, A. (2013, November 1). 9 strategies for motivating students in mathematics: Keeping your hioigh school math students engaged with these techniques. Edutopia. Retrieved September 16, 2017, from https://www.edutopia.org/blog/9-strategies-motivating-students-mathematics-alfred-posamentier PRISMS. (2016). Princeton International School of Mathematics and Science. Retrieved from prismsus.org: https://www.prismsus.org/ Purpura, D. J., Hume, L. E., Sims, D., Lonigan, C. (2011). Early literacy and early numeracy: the value of including early literacy skills in the prediction of numeracy development. Journal of experimental child psychology, 110(4), 647-658. Robinson, K. (2011). Out of our minds: Learning to be creative. John Wiley Sons. Sadler, P. M., Sonnert, G., Hazari, Z., Tai, R. (2012). Stability and volatility of STEM career interest in high school: A gender study. Science Education, 96(3), 411-427. Salvia, J., Ysseldyke, J., Witmer, S. (2012). Assessment: in special and inclusive education. Cengage Learning. Sierinska, A., Kilpatrick, J. (2012). Mathematics education as a research domain: A search for identity. Springer Science Business Media. Stanberry, K. (2017). Understanding numbers and counting skills in preschoolers. Retrieved from getreadytoread.org: https://www.getreadytoread.org/early-learning-childhood-basics/early-math/understanding-numbers-and-counting-skills-in-preschoolers Yelland, N. (2011). Reconceptualising play and learning in the lives of young children. Ausralian Journal of Early Childhood, 36(2), 4.

The Sun Also Rises Essays (823 words) - The Sun Also Rises, Feeling

The Sun Also Rises The Sun Also Rises is a novel that depicts the ?lost generation? of adults that live in the years following the Great War. These individuals have lost their belief in God and in the after-life. Because of their loss of touch with reality, they seemingly stumble through their lives, living for each day. The book centers around the Jake and Brett and their friends. These characters certainly live only for the day that is now. Through their actions and the situations that they create, Hemmingway uses them to express the feelings that he personally felt during the era. The first thing that the characters represent is the impotency of life. Through the character of Jake, who is impotent, Hemmingway shows the hopelessness and pointlessness of life. In the story, Jake is unable to have Brett, his love, due to the fact that he is impotent. Therefore, he tries to support her and help her in her endeavors. However, he always maintains his love for her, which shows that his actions have a superficial quality to them. This represents the feelings of Hemmingway that the period is fake and useless. Through Jake and his aims and feelings, Hemmingway is able to represent the helplessness of the people of the time to deal with their problems and go through them. Instead, they ran from them and pushed them aside but never out of the way. Hemmingway himself did this by withdrawing from society. Because of the general feeling that life was meaningless and did not affect the future, the people of the period lived for today and never planned for tomorrow. They felt that once death came, life was over and there was nothing else. The Great War had instilled in them that there was no God, or if there was, he was not watching. Thus, they lived for only what they saw or wanted today. This is evident in the story through the fact that all the characters simply drink to pass time. It is also shown through the way that Brett has no problem sleeping with several partners during the story. These examples show that the people of the time were definitely living for the day and that death was nothing. Another feeling that the characters of the story were looking for was a feeling of belonging. They all bonded together in order to pass their time drinking and having a good time. They felt alienated by the society from which they came from. Because the Great War had created a ?lost generation?, which withdrew from the societies and cultures that had created the tragedy of the war, many of the people comprising these alienated groups simply looked for a place to belong. These people searched for those who felt the same way to live for the day. This is evident in the story through the fact that all the characters are together to simply live for the day and to belong to a group that enjoys the same things. For example, the characters go together on vacation to Spain in order to watch the bullfights. They all drink together and share many of the same feelings toward society. Basically, they have bonded together to withdraw from society and live in a way that reflects the feelings that they have for the culture and the Great War and all the extra feelings that come with it all. These feelings require the quality of courage in order to deal with them. It takes courage for the characters of the story to go on after all that they have seen and dealt with during the Great War. Especially in the case of Jake, who has lost his fertility and with it his feeling of manhood. He is forced to redefine what his meaning of masculinity is and to deal with the fact that he can never have Brett. It takes Jake tremendous courage to deal with all his feelings. It probably takes courage for all the characters to even get up in the morning into a world of which they feel alienated. Each character is involved in their lifestyle due to the fact that they have in some way been affected greatly by the Great War and it takes courage for them to go on after all the horror and death that they have seen in their lives. This book effectively represents the feelings of the time and the feelings of Hemmingway. However, it is difficult to relate the

Westecs Bd Essay Example For Students

Westecs Bd Essay Background of Westecs ®: Westecs ® Ltd. is the largest chain clothing store in Bangladesh. This company started its journey since 1987. There are nine branches of Westecs ® among which six stores are in Dhaka, two are in Syhlet and one in Chittagong. There is one chairman in Westecs ® who regulates all the activities from its head office which is located in Tejgaon. There is one director in each branch who controls the work of the outlets. Each of the stores has 1 or 2 managers motivating their employees in various ways. More than 300 employees are working in the organization. Their competitors are Eastasy, Rex, and other fashion houses and boutique shops. But their main competitor is Pretex. This company is divided into two portions- one is administrative and another one is sales. The administrative sector controls the overall working process of the branch manager, sales manager, and accountant and finance manager. The sales department totally depends on the accountant’s effort and this portion is controlled by the head office. Westecs ® mainly manufacture the brand items such as suits, blazers and official Shirts. We will write a custom essay on Westecs Bd specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The backup of their brand items are imported from different countries. They also sell casual wears of gents, ladies and children. These readymade garments are collected from various sources such as the garments that could not be exported to the foreign countries due to shipment or time difficulty. All the branches of Westecs ® are well festooned and the environment is comfortable and rich. Westecs ® provide a special importance to the customer satisfaction. Almost all kinds of wear that the customers need are found here. They have a future vision to extend their business by exporting their garment products abroad. The hierarchy of management in Westecs ® Ltd. can be illustrated as below: Fig: Organogram of westecs ® Ltd 1. 0 Problem Assessment The executive development process of a company starts with the assessment of the company’s current problem. This assessment of problem is needed specially when there is a discrepancy between some current state of affairs and some desired state, requiring the consideration of alternative courses of action. Westecs ® Ltd. is one of the largest chain clothing stores in Bangladesh. To get this achievement they have maintained certain management policies and practiced some theories to make it an effective and efficient organization though Westecs ® do not have any formal Human Resource department. In spite of all plans and strategies there are some loopholes in every organization. Westecs ® is running their business in somewhat successful manner but there are many problems especially with the Human Resource management such as productivity, skills and personal attributes, employee morale, innovations and training and development- in which sectors they have a lot of opportunities to improve. Here are some problems of Westecs ®, which are effecting in different aspects. These problems are related to recruitment and selection process, productivity, motivation, pay for performance, absenteeism, turnover, organizational citizenship behavior, job satisfaction, skills, training and development etc. Development in these sections may lead Westecs ® to better productivity and success. 1. Productivity An organization meant to be productive when it achieves its goals and does so by transferring inputs to outputs at the lowest cost. This productivity also implies a concern for both effectiveness and efficiency. By effective, we mean making the right decision and successfully implementing them. The organizational goals that Westecs ® have are- These goals are not specific and difficult rather they are more generalized. Westecs ® is somewhat successful in achieving these general goals, so it can be said that Westecs ® has the effectiveness from such context but to succeed in long run they should have some specific goals which will lead them to higher performance. A company is efficient when it uses its resources wisely an in a cost effective way. To measure the efficiency level, there are some other factors needed to take into account, such as absenteeism, turnover, organizational citizenship behavior, job satisfaction etc. 1. 2 Absenteeism Absenteeism is the failure to report to work and it causes a huge cost and disruption for the employers. In Westecs ® the absenteeism rate is relatively low. The employees are given altogether 30 days of leave in a year. Though absence have a negative impact on the organization, but Westecs ® consider the situation when employees do not come for illness, fatigue or excess stress. If it is within the allowed 30days leave a year and the employee feels sick Westecs ® does not pressurize their employees to come to the job if they feel sick or excess stress. Because the management of Westecs ® believes that a sick or stressed person can not put his/her 100% attention to their job rather they perform poorly, which in turn may bring poor service to the customer and increase customer dissatisfaction-that finally will impede the image of the organization as a whole. So Westecs ® is efficient enough to manage their absenteeism. 3. Turnover Turnover is the voluntary or involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization. Westecs ® faces a relatively high turnover rate. This high rate of turnover results in increased recruiting, selection and training cost. In addition, this high rate of turnover also disrupt the efficient running of an organization when knowledge and experienced personnel leave and replacements must be found and prepared to assume positions of responsibility. Westecs ® failed to efficiently manage this high turnover rate. 4. Organizational Citizenship Behavior Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is a discretionary behavior that is not a part of employee’s formal job requirements, but that nevertheless promotes the effective functioning of the organization. To become a successful organization, it needs employees who will do more then their usual job duties and provides performance that is beyond expectations. But in Westecs ®, there is no such employee who performs this Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). So it is important for Westecs ® to increase the number of employees who will perform Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) for the betterment of the organization. . Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is the collection of feelings that an individual holds toward his or her job. It represents the attitude of an employee rather than behavior. The satisfied employees are more productive than dissatisfied employees. It is a legitimate objective of an organization. In Westecs ® the top level managers and the mid lev el managers have their job satisfaction but the problem with the lower level employees; they encompass relatively less job satisfaction. 6. Empowering People In successful organizations, managers are going considerably further by allowing employees full control of their work. By empowering employee managers are putting employees in charge of what they do and in so doing, managers have to learn how to give up control and employees have to learn how to take responsibility for their work and make appropriate decisions. But managers in Westecs ® do not empower their employees. Thus the employees are incapable of showing responsibilities and making suitable decisions. 7. Stimulating Innovation and change Successful organizations must foster innovation and master the art of change. So to exist in comparative business environment organizations should maintain their flexibility, continually improve their quality and beat competitors with a constant stream of innovative products and services. To do so organizations need managers and employees with high conceptual skills and innovative ideas. But there is lack of such managers and employees in Westecs ®. The managers of Westecs ® also face challenges and unable to stimulate their employees’ creativity and tolerance of change. 8. Coping with Temporariness Today’s management functions became more versatile than ever before for the fast change in globalization, expand capacity and advances in technology. So for the best benefit managers and employees should work in a climate best characterized as temporary. But there is no evidence of temporariness in Westecs ®. Here jobs are not being continually redesigned, tasks are being done by individuals rather than teams, and there is no scope for part time jobs. 9. Pay for Performance Pay for performance is the rewards that are allocated on performance criteria. Westecs ® do not give rewards to their employees on the basis of performance rather they give a general yearly increment to all the employee on the basis of position. Westecs ® also provide two bonuses to their employees. If this pay for performance is introduced, individuals should perceive a strong relationship between their performance and the reward they receive if motivation is to be maximized. Pay for performance can be best applied to the operation workers such as factory workers 10. Recruitment and selection The recruitment and selection process of Westecs ® is very ordinary and simple. News paper is the only medium to advertise for the recruitment. In the advertisement thy only mention the job title and age limit and ask for educational qualification, and experience. For the selection purpose the management conducts only face to face interview and no written test. To select potential people Westecs ® need to develop their recruitment and selection process. 2. 0 Evaluation of the traditional management function: 2. 1 Instituting plans, policies and procedures Westecs’ decision making regarding plans, policies, and procedures is centralized as it is concentrated at a single point in the organization which is its Head Office. .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7 , .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7 .postImageUrl , .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7 , .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7:hover , .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7:visited , .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7:active { border:0!important; } .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7:active , .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7 .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5d0940ae22721c5f2db204fc416f4bb7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: I think that today's society is a half version o EssayIn Bangladesh, there are nine branches of Westecs and every branch has got about 15 to 20 employees. There is a Director, a Manager and an Assistant Manager in each branch who motivate their employees to carry out their activities efficiently. The measure of organizational efficiency includes return on investment, profit per amount of sales, output per hour of labor etc. Westecs’ planning process, policies and procedures are strong enough that enable their activities to be carried out efficiently. Westecs has a superior sales policy of its own. It follows fixed price policy so that customers do not have to bargai n. The company gives several sorts of sales for the customer’s favor as well as to reduce the stocks such as summer sale, winter sale, and special sale and so on. Westecs also provides good service to maintain good relationships with the customers. The personnel in the showrooms show well behaviour and good manner. It offers changes of clothes and refunds of money within 3 days. Westecs sells branded official shirts of its own and as well as blazers and readymade garments and became most successful in these segments and earned huge revenues on sales. Westecs have almost 200 factory employees from whom the company gets efficient output in due time. With their plans, policies and procedures, Westecs Ltd. is successful to carry out the activities efficiently. 2. 2 Organizing job description and understanding the responsibilities The job description lists the duties of a job; the job’s working conditions, and the tools, materials and equipment to perform it. Job content is necessary to develop appropriate selection method and job-relevant performance appraisal system. But Westecs Ltd. has no prescribed job description for the subordinates. After the employees have been selected for the outlets and the factories, they get familiar with the job content through practical experience. The director and manager play a great role to improve the performance of the employees. How the new employees will approach to the customers, how they can help the customers in purchasing things, how they will act when the customers face problems regarding their bought products and the like activities are taught from the observation of the activities of the existing employees and also from the recommendations of the branch director and managers in the outlets. In the factories also the labors learn their responsibility from the senior labors and the factory manager and the supervisor. Though Westecs have no official job description, the new employees are able to find it out not in an effective manner but through observation and practice. 2. 3 Selecting competent employees Westecs’ selection process is quite straightforward. The company offers job in the newspaper for the job applicants. The advertisement consists of the position the company is offering, educational qualification and the experience of the candidates for the managerial positions. For example, this company needs at least a degree for the sales manager. For the outlet personnel and factory workers no job requirement is mentioned specifically. No part-time job and temporary system is available in Westecs. Job candidates appear on a physical interview in the selection process. At first, they face supervisor’s interview for the preliminary selection. There is no written test for them. This interview is based on the IQ of the candidates and some sort of situational basis questionnaires. The company requires those candidates who have good spoken capability in English for the outlets. For the factories, they need experienced or capable workers. After the primary selection, the candidates sit for another interview with the chairman and branch directors for the final selection. Not all the candidates that Westecs selects and recruits are adequately oriented and trained. There is no systems approach to training for developing the performance of the employees. The employees learn from their practical works and the observation of what other employees do. In the factory, there are machine operators who instruct the new workers in operating the machine. By this way workers are getting trained in Westecs which is not an efficient and adequate way. 2. 4 Fair and equitable pay rates Westecs strictly maintains International Labor Law in terms of paying the wages. They pay the salary to the employees within the month and no dues occur. The outlet staffs and factory workers get a good starting salary which is around tk. 3000 to tk. 4000 and there is a year to year increment. The branch manager, sales manager, finance manager all get a reasonable salary. In addition, all the employees get yearly tk. 5000 for medical expense. They also obtain incentives which include festival bonus two times a year. Women are given 66 days maternity leave with pay. From these extra benefits and advantages which the employees are getting, they feel that their pay rates are equitable and fair. But Westecs does not increase the salary of the employees on the performance basis. It rather focuses on seniority. 2. 5 Leadership role of managers Leadership is the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals. Brach managers, factory managers, supervisors and other associated managers of Westecs serve as a leader towards achieving the goals of the organization. The managers advise many potential and useful instructions that the employees carry out efficiently. The employees have to stay almost all day long in the outlets that becomes no longer challenging for them. It increases boredom and reduces motivation. Thus the job turns into a dull and uninteresting one for the employees as they suffer from overroutinization of their work. There is no real arrangement of amusement for the employees in the organization. For example, there is no opportunity of job rotation for the employees. The periodic shifting of an employee from one task to another is job rotation. There is also a lack of job enlargement and job sharing in Westecs. Job enlargement is increasing the number and variety of tasks that an individual performs results in jobs with more diversity and job sharing is an arrangement that allows two or more individuals to split a traditional 40-hours-a-week-job. These handfuls opportunities are ignored in Westecs which would facilitate the employees with great deal. But employees are given tiffin two times a day-a little tiffin in the morning and heavy one in the afternoon. Westecs also assures transportation to facilitate the women employees. 2. 6 Interpersonal relationship among employees Interpersonal relation in organizations can be a primary source of need satisfaction for many people. For people with a strong need for affiliation, high-quality interpersonal relationships can be an important positive element in the workplace. People who support one another and who work well together can accomplish much more than people who do not support one another and who do not work well together. Another outcome is conflict- people may leave an interpersonal exchange feeling angry or hostile. These all can occur during the communication between people in the organization. Westecs’ decision making is centralized and all the decisions regarding plans, policies, procedures, selection, recruiting and so on that are to be accomplished are decided centrally in the head office. For that Westecs holds a meeting among its chairman, directors and managers on monthly basis. It lifts up the interpersonal relationship of the top management. Oral communication, which means face to face conversation, telephone calls and other situations in which the spoken word is used, occurs in Westecs in terms of interpersonal communication. The employees state their problems and other things to their boss through telephone or conversation. There is no process of written document for communication. 3. 0 Development Needs Motivation is one of the most frequently researched topics in OB; it leads the employees’ performance. Though Westecs ® established in 1987, but it cannot retain its employees for longer periods of time for its dysfunctional motivational program. ? Motivation through job Design-it is a key determinant of individual motivation and ultimately organizational success. Westecs ® have to shift their form of boring, tedious job to the form of an interesting job, so that employees can add zest and meaning to their professional life. To do this, top management has to impose job rotation, which will motivate through diversifying the employee’s activities. Here the employee will rotate to another job, usually at the same level. It will be benefit for the organization, because a wide range of skills give management more flexibility in scheduling working and adapting to changes. Job enrichment can be another effective way to increase the employee’s freedom and independence, provide feedback so an individual will be able to assess his or her own performance. By establishing direct client relationship with their employees and internal client as well as external, expanding job vertically and last but not least, opening feedback channels will motivate the employees of Westecs ®. Thus the employee’s skill variety, job feed back, autonomy and task significance will be upgraded. ? Motivation through rewards- rewards and benefits are a significant portion for motivating employees. Job performance and satisfaction can be improved by properly administered rewards. Though Westecs ® is providing some rewards to its employees that ensure equitable distribution, but it does not foster positive expectations which work as a barrier to its path of the improvement. ? Pay-for-performance- Pay-for-performance is a practical application for motivating employees. .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2 , .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2 .postImageUrl , .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2 , .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2:hover , .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2:visited , .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2:active { border:0!important; } .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2:active , .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2 .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u07db2421b45f0020295e5fedc75a11e2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Feng Shui EssayFrom expectancy theory we know that, an individual will give maximum effort and upgrade performance, if his or her performance appraisals lead to organizational rewards. Thus besides giving annual salary and two yearly bonuses, they can introduce sales commission, skill-based pay, merit pay. Hence the employer has to make sure that those who give a little extra get a little extra. They have to shift their compensation plan on nonperformance factor, such as- seniority or job title to performance factor. These will encourage employees to work harder and smarter that will enrich the company’s productivity. Motivation through Employee participation- If em ployees participate on the goal setting process, decision making as well as designing and implementing organizational changes, employee turnover will be low and productivity will be high. By implementing quality control circles, open book management (sharing key financial data and profits with employees who are trained and empowered). Though this OBM is a bold break from traditional management, but through this employees will know how company’s action affect its success and bottom line, learn to interpret reports and how to control costs. In addition, then employees can make changes for success of the firm. In today’s globally competitive industrial environment, employer must focus on their employees’ performance management. To improve Westecs ® performance management process, it has to set goals, monitor and feedback ongoing performance. ? Assign specific goals- according to goal setting theory, we know that employees who are given specific goals usually perform better than those who are not. Westecs ® have to translate their organizational and departmental goals into specific goals for each employee. Their goals should include target dates or dead lines and quantitives terms. ? Ongoing performance monitoring- Westecs ® can use computer based systems that measure and then email progress and exception reports based on the previous progress towards meeting his or her performance goals. ? Ongoing feedback-employees of Westecs ® have to include face to face and computer based feedback regarding progress towards goals. The turnover rate in Westecs ® is comparatively high, especially middle and low level employees. Thus firms have to take some initiatives to reduce it. Flexible Work Hours-Flexible work hours can be an effective way to cut of this problem. In this process, employees have to work a specific numbers of hours a week but they are free to vary the hours of work within certain limits. It will allow employees some degree of freedom. By introducing part time facility, firm can increase productivity, eliminate tardiness and reduce over time expense. ? Job Sharing-Job sharin g can be another way of reducing turnover. It allows two more individuals to split a traditional 40 hours a week job. To implement this, Westecs ® have to introduce part time facility in its firm. It increases flexibility. Thus employees will motivate to work, their satisfaction will be increase as a result the rate of turnover will be decreased. Empowering: In Westecs ® employees have no full control in work – related problems. To improve their empowerment Westecs ® has to create some following steps. They are- ? Task significance: In this case Westecs ® has to assign more works to the employees and increase the responsibility of the manager. Decision making should be pushed down to the operating level, where the workers are being given the freedom to solve work related problems. They should empower their employee through decentralization and self- managed training. ? Managers should encourage their employees to participate in work- related decisions. Stimulating Innovation: WESTECS ® has no stimulating innovation process. But they have to provide these techniques for the flexibili ty, continually improve their quality and beat their competition to the market place with a constant stream of innovative products and services. The challenge for the mangers is that they have to stimulate their employees’ creativity and tolerance for change. †¢ Process reengineering will be appropriate to solve this problem, because it requires managers to undergo training to learn new technical skills and redefines job. As result managers of different branches can reconsider how work would be done . they will be able to evaluate every process. As a result, it wills hence creativity, productivity of the employees. Temporariness: In WESTECS ® there is no temporariness that means no part time employees are not work here. For this reason people skills are decrease and no experience people are not get a job. So WESTECS ® has to create temporariness that is helpful for the workers that they update their knowledge and skills continually to perform new job requirements. They have to follow the following steps- ? Workers should need to update their knowledge and skills to perform new job. ? Westecs ® should employ more part time employees than full time employees. Communication: Communication is the transference and understanding of meeting. The interpersonal communication of WESTECS ® is oral communication. They meet to each other monthly, quarterly or yearly. They have no written communication. In oral communication the message has to be passed through a number of people and it is the distortion of the message. ? So WESTECS ® has to create a written communication which includes memos, letters, fax transmissions, electronic mail, instant messaging, organizational periodicals, notices placed on bulletin boards. It is tangible and verifiable. ? In oral communication they should meet each other once in a week. WESTECS ® follows a chain communication network which means that the main decision made by chairperson and then the decision are coming through step by step employees. It is time consuming. WESTECS ® has to follow the all channel communication network that save the time and any employee can connect to each other solve the problems. 4. 0 Replacement Needs RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PROCESS: Recruitment is the first step to finding the appropriate job candidates. Through newspaper advertisement they recruit people. In every advertisement job description (document outlining role expectations and requirements for a specific job) should be written. While constructing advertisement Westecs ® have to specify job description. The employment interview has a central role in the selection process. Then do not follow any specific rule to select the candidates. By following below steps they can increase their efficiency in selection process. ? From unstructured interview they have to shift t heir interview process in structured form, where the process will based on job duties, requirement critical for job performance. To find ideal candidates, employer should based four types of questions- situational questions, job knowledge requirements, worker requirements questions and job sample questions. ? For higher level positions, they can include written test and performance. Written tests include tests of intelligence, aptitude, ability, interest and integrity. Behavioral description interview(BDI) is more effective executive for general managers and executive positions ? The two best known performance- simulation tests are work sample tests and assessment centers. Work sample tests creating a miniature replica job to evaluate the performance abilities of job candidates. An assessment center is a set of performance- simulation tests designed to evaluate a candidate’s managerial potential. Training and Development: WESTECS ® does not give any training to the employees. They have to provide a training and development program. Training, which tend to be more narrowly focused and oriented toward short- term performance concerns. Development, which tends to be, oriented more toward broadening an individual’s skills for the future responsibilities. Training and development is the combination of activities used by organizations to increase the skill base of employees. WESTECS ® has to create some training skills that improve their employee’s performance. They are- †¢ Basic literacy skills: They have to provide basic reading and math skills for their employees. †¢ Technical skills: This skill is important for two reasons- new technology and new structural designs. †¢ Interpersonal skills: This includes learning how to be a better listener, how to communicate ideas more clearly and how to be a more effective team player. Problem- solving skills: This would include activities to sharpen their logic, reasoning and problem- defining skills as well as their abilities to assess causation, develop alternatives, analyze alternatives and select solutions. It also introduces self- management teams or implement quality- management program. †¢ Ethics training: It would be effective because it help employees to re cognize ethical dilemmas and to become more aware of the ethical issues underlying their actions and it reaffirms an organization’s expectations that members will act ethically. WESTECS ® has also provide some training method which is classified as formal or informal and on- the- job or off- the- job. †¢ Formal training is planned in advance and has a structured format. †¢ Informal training is unstructured, unplanned and easily adapted to situations and individuals for teaching skills and keeping employees. †¢ On- the- job training includes job rotation, apprenticeships, understudy assignments and formal mentoring programs. But it often disrupts the workplace. †¢ So in that case company has to invest in off- the- job training. Another effective formal training should be individualized to reflect the learning style of the employees. It includes reading, watching, listening and participating. CHAIRMAN MANAGING DIRECTOR Manager Production div. Manager Marketing div Manager Administrative div Manager Finance Accounting div. Staff/ Assistance Staff/ Assistance Quality Control Manager Sales Mgr. Sales Mgr. Marketing Mgr. Officer Officer Of ficer Supervisor Supervisor Staff Staff Staff Staff/ Assistance Staff/ Assistance

Magnetic Reversal of the Earths Poles

Magnetic Reversal of the Earth's Poles In the 1950s, ocean-going research vessels recorded puzzling data based on the magnetism of the ocean floor. It was determined that the rock of the ocean floor had bands of embedded iron oxides that alternately pointed toward geographic north and geographic south. This  was not the first time such confusing evidence had been found. In the early 20th century, geologists had found some volcanic rock was magnetized in a manner opposite to what was expected. But it was the extensive 1950s data that prompted a widespread  investigation, and by 1963 a theory of the reversal of the earths magnetic field was proposed.  It has been a fundamental of earth science ever since. How the Earths Magnetic Field Is Created The earths magnetism is thought to be created by slow movements in the liquid outer core of the planet, which consists largely of iron, caused by the rotation of the earth. Much the way  the rotation of a generator coil creates a magnetic field, the rotation of the liquid outer core of the earth generates a weak electromagnetic field. This magnetic field extends out into space and serves to deflect solar wind from the sun. The generation of the earths magnetic field is a continuous but variable process. There is a frequent change in the intensity of the magnetic field, and the precise location of the magnetic poles can drift. True magnetic north does not always correspond to the geographic North Pole. It also can cause the complete reversal of the earths entire magnetic field polarity. How We Can Measure Magnetic Field Changes Liquid lava, which hardens into rock, contains grains of iron oxides that react to the earths magnetic field by pointing toward the magnetic pole as the rock solidifies. Thus, these grains are permanent records of the location of the earths magnetic field at the time the rock forms. As new crust is created on the ocean floor, the new crust solidifies with its iron oxide particles acting like miniature compass needles, pointing to wherever magnetic north is at the time. Scientists studying the lava samples from the bottom of the ocean could see that the iron oxide particles were pointing in unexpected directions, but to understand what this meant, they needed to know when the rocks formed, and where they were located at the time they solidified out of liquid lava.   The method of dating rock through radiometric analysis has been available since the early 20th century, so it was an easy enough matter to find the age of the rock samples found on the ocean floor.   However, it was also known that the ocean floor moves and spreads over time, and it was not until 1963 that rock aging information was combined with information about how the ocean floor spreads to produce a definitive understanding of where those iron oxide particles were pointing at the time the lava solidified into rock.   Extensive analysis now shows that the earths magnetic field has reversed about 170 times over the last 100 million years. Scientists continue to evaluate data, and there is much disagreement over how long these periods of magnetic polarity last and whether the reversals happen at predictable intervals or are irregular and unexpected. What are the Causes and Effects? Scientists do not really know what causes the reversals of the magnetic field, although they have duplicated the phenomenon in laboratory experiments with molten metals, which also will spontaneously change the direction of their magnetic fields. Some theorists believe that magnetic field reversals may be caused by tangible events, such as tectonic plate collisions or impacts from large meteors or asteroids, but this theory is discounted by others. It is known that leading up to a magnetic reversal, the strength of the field declines, and since the strength of our current magnetic field is now in steady decline, some scientists believe we will see another magnetic reversal in about 2,000 years.   If, as some scientists suggest, there is a period during which there is no magnetic field at all before the reversal occurs, the effect on the planet is not well understood. Some theorists suggest that having no magnetic field will open the earths surface to dangerous solar radiation that potentially might lead to global extinction of life. However, there is currently no statistical correlation that can be pointed to in the fossil record to verify this. The last reversal occurred about 780,000 years ago, and there is no evidence to show that there were mass species extinctions at that time. Other scientists argue that the magnetic field does not vanish during reversals, but merely grows weaker for a time. Although we have at least  2,000 years to wonder about it, if a reversal were to occur today, one obvious effect would be mass disruption to communications systems. Much the way solar storms can affect satellite and radio signals, a magnetic field reversal would have the same effect, though to a much more pronounced degree.

OVARY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

OVARY - Essay Example During menstrual cycle there is multiple changes takes place side by side in ovary and uterus therefore on this basis menstrual cycle can be studied separately as ovarian cycle and uterine cycle. Menstrual cycle basically helps to prepare uterus for pregnancy every month and if uterus don’t receive a sperm, all of the changes that has taken place ends up in shedding of uterine epithelium accompanied with bleeding which is known as menstruation. Follicular Phase: During fetal life immature ovum trapped into primordial follicles. At puberty these primordial follicles begin to mature. Follicular phase starts from the end to menstruation, with the maturation of few of the primordial follicles under the influence of follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), releases from anterior pituitary gland. Only one of them reaches full maturity while others remains atretic. Mature follicle at this stage called as Graffin follicle. Griffin follicle is an oval structure having three layers namely from within outside are, granulose cells, Theca Interna and Theca Externa. Follicular fluid fills the whole griffin follicle. Theca Interna is the primary source of estrogen hormone. As the follicle becomes mature it swells up and ready to release ovum. This phase extends from day 1 to day 13 of menstrual cycle. Ovulation: This is the day 14 of the menstrual cycle accompanied by the rupture of matured griffin follicle and the release of ovum in abdominal cavity which is later picked up by the fimbrae in the fallopian tubes to travel to uterine cavity. This phase is due to the raised levels of luteinizing hormone. Luteal Phase: This phase extends from day 14 to day 18 characterized by the conversion of empty griffin follicle in a yellow lipid filled cells called luteal cells and hence corpus luteum. Corpus luteum is the primary source of progesterone which is responsible for of the changes in

Real life research Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Real life research - Coursework Example When a company conducts qualitative research through a focus group, the company is attempting to do research by having the moderator in focus group record everything that is the side in the focus group. The chosen forms of research were the appropriate forms of research for this study. Today focus groups can be conducted on the Internet. If the researchers had done a quantitative study, the researchers would have found out how the customer’s feel about the brand image. A quantitative research study will give researchers a general idea of what a customer thinks about a brand, or a company into. They can’t see the research study on what, how, where, and when. So, into a native research study the researchers could’ve found out what the customer’s like most about the brand, where the customers shop most for the brand and when they shop for it. One can measure the success of the campaign in the sales figures. If the campaign brought in more revenue than prior to the campaign and the campaign is, then determined a success. If the campaign only brought the same amount of revenue as before the campaign would not be so much of a success. However, if the company takes what was and changes the brand, and images the company will undoubtedly become a success

A Woman’s Place Essay Example for Free

A Woman’s Place Essay â€Å"Don’t read so much, he said, don’t study; get yourself good and tired out with homework, take exercise. He believes that her troubles would clear up if she got married. He believes this in spite of the fact that most of his nerve medicine is prescribed for married women. † The primary theme of Meneseteung by Alice Munro is the role of women in times of Victorian traditions and standards. The narrator, who is never identified, explains tasks and qualities that differentiate a real, marriageable woman from an outcast from society. The main character in this story is Almeda Joynt Roth, a respectable woman who has become famous in her small town for her poetry book. She has earned respect and admiration amongst others in the town for her works, but has also been criticized as a woman’s literary ambitions were thought to be hobby rather than vocation. Roth yearns to marry Jarvis Poulter, an idea that the rest of the town supports. Even Roths doctor, who prescribes nerve medicine to help Roth with her sleeplessness, says she would be much happier if she were married. However, Poulter does not find Roth to be a suitable wife and does not pursue her as such because she does not demonstrate the qualities that defined a marriageable woman of the times. The story, then, is not just about the role of women in the society but also about a lonely woman, an outcast of traditional society, and her search for companionship. Roth suffers from insomnia and goes to the doctor to get medication to help with her sleeplessness. The doctor suggests that Roth busies herself with things that are not considered womanly such as studying and writing. Her writing is considered an asset to the community, but not totally accepted as a woman is expected to marry and have a family. The town paper, the Vidette, which contains articles that would often be considered libelous by modern standards considers her young and fit enough to bear children, physically speaking she is marriageable material. The doctor suggests that she wear herself out by performing housewife tasks such as cleaning and exercising so that she may sleep. He also discourages her from reading and writing, as it is not required of her to do these things to ulfill her position in society. He suggests that marriage would solve most of her problems, though the medication he prescribes her is primarily prescribed to married women. The doctor is prescribing a remedy to her problems by becoming a housewife, while also prescribing medication that is given to housewives to treat the very condition she, as a single woman, had come to ameliorate. In the society portrayed in Meneseteung marriage is considered to be a cure-all for many of women’s problems. Why, asks the narrator, has Roth remained unmarried for so long? The narrator suspects that it is partly down to her desolate disposition. A caliginous personality is not one that is considered attractive and people tend to avoid developing social ties to her. Weighed down by burdens such as the loss of her family Roth is a loner with reading, writing, and the hopeless pursuit of Jarvis Poulter as her only aspirations in life and generally just does as she pleases. She dreams of marrying Poulter, an idea that the whole town supports, but he never showed an interest in her as she did not fit the imagine of a marriageable woman of the times. Despite this the narrator portrays Roth to be less of the â€Å"reckless hedonist† and more like a â€Å"tormented artist,† suffering as a result of her art. It is her particularity that makes her an eminent writer, but also not considered suitable to be taken as a wife. Women in this story are portrayed as weak and in need of men. One night, Roth is awoken by a drunk, abused woman at her fence. She is frightened and rushes to Poulter for help, and this is shown as being the first time in the story that she behaves like a typical woman of her time. She is no longer the poised, confident woman that Poulter has come to know her as and is attracted to her desperate vulnerability. Poulter was not attracted to her when she was poised and confident but once he had seen that she was weak, helpless, and in need of him he felt drawn to her as she finally fit the stereotypical image of a woman. Poulter deals with the drunken woman in a cruelly and insensitively and upon seeing this Roth loses interest in him. Poulter asks her to church and she declines and the two never pursue a relationship. Despite being portrayed as weak and in need of men, women are not powerless in marriage. One of a woman’s primary roles is to â€Å"create their husbands† by â€Å"ascribing preferences† to them. â€Å"This way, bewildered, sidelong-looking men are made over, made into husbands, heads of households. † Roth cannot see herself doing this, which urther separates her from the society in which she lives. After her rejection of Poulter’s interests Roth retreats into the vivid aberration brought upon her by the doctor’s nerve medicine and meets her death after becoming the target of menacing youths’ malevolent tormenting. This quote from the doctor, which I have chosen as the most profoundly meaningful, shows the thinking of the times. Women we re to marry to solve their own problems as well as to solve the problems of their husband. This short story is about a woman who is different from the social norm and her search for companionship and stability in her own life, as well as how breaking the norm had its own consequences. Her obsession with reading and writing, which was said to be more suitable as a hobby than profession, set her aside and earned her respect within her community while at the same time driving a wedge between her and a normal life because she did not spend her life marrying, becoming a wife, becoming a mother, and spending her days cleaning and caring for her family like a typical woman of the time. When Roth became vulnerable she became like every other woman and Poulter finally saw her as a possibility for marriage but his actions revolted Roth. The incident with the drunken woman disgusted her into a solitary existence with just her and her hallucinations brought on by the nerve medication prescribed by the doctor. The doctor suggested that by marrying, Roth would not require this medicine despite it being most commonly prescribed for married women. So, then, Almeda Roth could not live with herself as a normal woman yet not being a typical woman is what eventually led to her demise.

Levels of strategic management and their uses

Levels of strategic management and their uses There are three levels of Strategic Management. There is the Corporate Level, the Business level and the Functional Level. These levels are depicted as under: For each level a certain set of questions arises or rather there is a function for each level while framing strategies for the entire business. Corporate Level: What business(es) should the company be in? Business Level : How should the organization compete in the environment? Functional Level: How should the organizations resources be best employed to support its strategy? This article is dedicated to the business level strategies that are being adopted by managers of different firms so that their business has a competitive advantage over their competitors in the highly volatile market. Business Level Strategy The first step for divisional managers is to develop a model thatll allow a company to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors in the market . They must take into consideration the following: STRATEGIC CHOICES Customer needs Product Differentiation Customers needs are changing and the firm must be able to innovate and differentiate their products and services from their competitors. Customer group Market Segmentation A company needs to group customers based on the importance of difference in their need and preference. As such a company has three alternatives: The company may not recognize that different groups have different needs and moves ahead in serving the average customer. The company may choose to market segment into different states and develop a product that suits the needs of each segment. The company can recognize market segments and choose to cater its products and services only to one market segment. Deciding on Distinctive Competencies A company must decide the distinctive competencies it must pursue to satisfy customers needs and groups. In making a business strategy choice, a company must decide how to organize and combine its distinctive competencies to gain a competitive advantage. CHOOSING A GENERIC COMPETITIVE STRATEGY AT THE BUSINESS LEVEL Choosing a generic competitive strategy at the business level implies choosing any of the following approaches: Cost Leadership/ Low cost Differentiation Focus All businesses can pursue regardless of whether they are from the manufacturing sector, service sector, or nonprofit organizations. They can be pursued in different types of industrial environments. Each of the generic strategies results from a companys persistent and consistent choices on its product, the market, and distinctive competencies Overall Cost Leadership Establishing a cost structure that allows a firm to provide goods and services at a lower unit cost than its competitors Strategic Choices The cost leader does not even try to be the innovator The cost leader positions his products to appeal to the minds of the average customer The ultimate goal of a cost leader is to increase his efficiency and lower his costs. Advantages If competitors charge similar prices, the cost leader achieves a much superior profitability The cost leader is able to charge a price lower than his competitors. If there are powerful suppliers , the cost leader is less affected by increase in prices of inputs If there are powerful buyers, the cost leader is less affected by a fall in price of inputs Purchases are done in huge quantities to increase bargaining power over suppliers The ability of reducing price to compete with other substitute products Low prices are a barrier to entry of potential competitors. Disadvantages The competitors may lower their cost. The competitors may copy the cost leaders methods. The overall cost leadership strategy carries a risk that the cost leader, the single minded desire to reduce costs, may lose right to changes in customer tastes. Differentiation Differentiation strategy refers to the differentiated companys ability to satisfy a customers needs. A company must create a product that customers perceive as distinct in an important way If customers pay the higher price charged for a product( higher than the price charged by cost leader), it means that customers believe the product-differentiated qualities to be worth the difference. Strategic Choices Focus on Quality, innovativeness and responsiveness to customer needs Strives to differentiate itself from competitors. Segments the market into many different niches Concentration on the organizational functions that provide the source of differentiation and competitive advantage Advantages Customers become loyal and develop brand loyalty Price increases can be passed on to customers Powerful buyers will be easy to find because the product is distinct and therefore there is increase in revenues. Differentiated products and brand loyalty are barriers to entry of potential competitors. The threat of substitute products is minimized and depends on competitors ability to meet the needs of the customer. Disadvantages It is difficult to maintain a long-term distinctness in the customers eyes. Competitors can quickly imitate the companys products. Application of Patents and first-mover advantage are limited It is difficult to maintain a continuous premium price Overall Cost Leadership Differentiation Strategy There are some businesses that pursue models of the overall cost leader and differentiator simultaneously Strategic Choices Limiting the customer options can reduce the cost of production and marketing costs A company can reduce costs by adopting the JIT inventory model. This inturn improves quality and reliability The internet has proved to be of immense help to marketers as they can engage in e-commerce to advertise and sell their product. These products are often in huge production in countries with low labor costs. Focus Strategy The focus strategy is basically serving the customers needs of specific market segments. The location of specific customers eg: The people from the North-East love to eat pork. Whether the customer is a spend-thrift or is a type of customer who saves. Another differentiation would be in terms of quality seekers. After identifying and choosing a specific market segment, a focused company positions itself using either a Low-cost or differentiation strategy. When a company focuses on one group of customers, it is said that the company is adopting either a focused cost strategy or a focused differentiated strategy. Advantages The focuser is protected from its competitors to the extent that it can cater its products or services that they cant. The buyers cannot get the same thing from others therefore the focuser has power over them. Once brand loyalty has developed in the minds of customers, the new entrants threats is limited Substitutes will pose minimal problem once the customer develops loyalty towards the product. The changing needs of customers are better tracked by the focuser. Disadvantages With regards to powerful suppliers the focuser experiences a disadvantage because it procures in small volume at high costs and therefore cannot pass the cost along to its loyal customers A focuser may have to incur more costs since it is procuring at low volumes It is tough for a focuser to maintain its niche because of changing customers desires and speedy technological changes. Competitors especially the differentiators will try in their best way to compete for the focusers niche that has been developed. Now, let us focus on companies that adopt different business level strategies to gain a competive advantage over their competitors. Coca-Cola The Coca-Cola Company (Coca-Cola) is a manufacturer, distributor and marketer of non-alcoholic beverages and syrups, including fountain syrups. It manufactures and sells non-alcoholic beverages, carbonated soft drinks and various varieties of non-carbonated beverages. It is operating in every continent namely North America, Africa, South Asia and the Pacific, Europe, South America and Asia, Eurasia and Middle East. Products bearing the Coca-Cola trademark are being marketed in over 200 countries all over the world. This company follows a business level strategy-namely the differentiation strategy. It spends huge amounts of money in promotions and advertisements in order to differentiate their offerings and create a unique image for its cola products. The Coca-Cola company has been successful in differentiating its products from its customers and thereby gains a competitive advantage over them. Amreteck Group Amreteck Group (AG) is a pharma service company that is specializing in arranging investment funds/investors, financing and is supporting different mergers for the pharmaceutical companies in the United States and several countries in South East Asia. Amreteck Group helps companies to export their products in Least Developed Countries (LDC) and also assists in locating local distributors and the products registration process in full completion. Amreteck Group is involved with several local Bangladeshi pharmaceutical companies to capitalize on the countrys low cost environment. AG is adopting the overall low cost strategy to find new ways in production cost reduction, new product development that can be manufactured at low cost and marketing managers to search for ways of cost reduction in-order to be able to attract customers. Toyota Toyota Motor Corporation is associated with the automotive industry. Its automotive operations include the design, manufacture, assembly and sale of passenger cars, recreational and sport utility vehicles, minivans and trucks and parts and accessories for these creations. Toyota is pursuing a combined cost leadership and differentiation business level strategy. Toyotas production system is actually the most efficient in the world as reported. This superior efficiency of Toyota gives the company a low cost strategy in the global car industry. Simultaneously Toyota is able to differentiate its products from its competitors. This superiority gives the company a leeway to charge premium prices to its elite models. Nestle Nestlà ©, todays worlds biggest food and beverage company has factories in almost every country in the world. Nestlà ©s existing products grow through continuous innovation and dedicated renovation while maintaining a balance in geographic activities and product lines. Nestles priority is to bring out the best products to people, wherever they are depending on their needs throughout their lives. Nestlà © believes in creating and maintaining a long-term commitment to the health and well being of people in every country in the scope of its operations. Nestle follow the business level strategy-namely the differentiation strategy to reduce the risk of complexity of supply chain and lower attractiveness for discounters. PepsiCo,Inc PepsiCo, Inc. is one of the largest food and beverage companies in the world. The companys principal businesses include Frito-Lay snacks, Pepsi-Cola beverages, sports drinks, Tropicana juices and Quaker Foods. Pepsi Co strictly follows the differentiation strategy. Their ability to continuously and sincerely innovate is their competitive advantage. Pepsi looks for opportunities to capitalize on the value of their prestigious brand of products by developing new and innovative products. Pepsi is able to fill consumption gaps, clearly identify the consumers changing needs and contribute to create both healthier and indulgent choices, thus bringing more enjoyment to their lives. Wal-Mart Stores Wal-Mart stores (founded in 1945) are a US retailer and are reportedly the largest retailer in the world as of 2009. This store which was originally started by Sam Walton is grouped into Division One (Discount Stores, Supercenters and Neighborhoods Markets) and SAMs Club. This retailer is pursuing the overall cost strategy to find new ways in reducing the costs of the products that are being displayed in their shelves. Wal-Mart Stores critically negotiates with its suppliers for low priced items to bring forth their Everyday Low Price philosophy. Being a huge market player, Wal-Mart is able to dictate the pricing of products so much so that it led to the bankruptcy of its competitor K-Mart. Its other nearest competitor Target is forced to offer products that were not offered in Wal-Mart because it could not compete with Wal-Marts prices. Wal-Mart Stores is pursuing and adopting its strategy successfully and is able to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors through continuo us low pricing of its products.