Do the Benefits of Social Networking Outweigh the Risks

More than 350 million people log into social networking sites each day. While this might be just another fact to support the theory that many people are addicted to social media, one might be tempted to wonder if social media sites have any benefits. The risks and dangers commonly associated with social media certainly seem to disregard these. However, upon closer examination of social media and the possible uses of such sites, a more suitable and reasonable statement is that social media do indeed have benefits that outweigh these risks and dangers. Social media, even with some of its disadvantages, can prove to benefit the education of many young students, if used appropriately. Source B states that Student research participants†¦show more content†¦The video that the 14-year old teen posted was one well-received by many, as it has received millions of views around the world, showing that social media can be used as a means of effective communication across long distances. A Reddit user touched the hearts of many in the online community by posting a simple image gallery of his girlfriend’s nephew, who needed a bone marrow transplant. He asked for donations to help out his family, and within hours, the Internet community had pitched in $31,000 for the cause, and less than a week later, the total had risen to about $55,000. Even if cyber bullying were to break out during this event, one could argue that the pathos conveyed in this photoset will appeal to all kinds of people using social media, and will most likely bring out their kindness in order to express sympathy, among other emotions. Money is fairly hard to earn these days in such a weak economy. Social media, then, creates an intimate feeling of trust among those who participated. Social media can be used to benefit one’s social skills and morals and in general, the social community at large around the world. It is possible to use social media to expand organizations and allow them to reach more audiences. As stated in Source B, â€Å"Studies suggest that approximately 70 percent of all organizations engage in structured collaboration using online social learning tools such as blogs, wikis andShow MoreRelatedThe Positive Effect of Social Media Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesEffect of Social Media Since the birth of social media people have argued whether it has a positive or negative effect on society. Social media outlets like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram give people a chance to stay connected. Although, with the power of social media comes the possibility of cyber bullying. While there are some negatives associated with social media, the positives in communication all around, has made the world stronger and a better place to live in. 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Strategies For Implementation Of Health Care Reform Within...

Strategies for implementation of Health Care Reform within Criminal Justice Many correctional professionals believe that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act have provided a major change to the way justice involved populations’ access health care in the community. Being able to secure health insurance especially Medicaid allowing more access to health care including behavioral health programs that will improve outcomes and positively impacts by reducing rates for returning to jail or prison. This should be an integral part of reentry programs. Having health insurance will augment the chance of successful reentry. There are multiple strategies for implementing health care reform with criminal justice agencies at every†¦show more content†¦Change of any system is process driven and requires the focus and attention from multiple sources. It will take a group of dedicated individuals who are willing to take on the challenges of implementing new ways of doing business. Assuring that everyone begins with the same understanding of both healthcare reform and the criminal justice system will be vital in making the appropriate system changes. There are certain pieces of information that will be essential for understanding health care reform. For some, this will be a quick review of information that is already known. For others, some information may be new however assuring that everyone involved begins with the same knowledge will be important. This document will provide numerous links to resources that have been developed by federal agencies, state and local governmental entities, national associations and non-profit groups. Step I – Knowing the basics There has been much written about the changing health care environment as a result of the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (public Law 111-148). This bill created changes in the availability of health insurance by expanding coverage, holding insurance companies accountable while guaranteeing more choices. It including lowering health care costs for some individuals and expanded the Medicaid program in states. The expansion in Medicaid was intended to provide health coverage for

Mathematics Education As A Research Domain †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Mathematics Education As A Research Domain? Answer: Introduction Globally, the education systems considers Mathematics or Arithmetic a crucial foundation course for all learners. This is the study of numbers, quantity, patterns, processes, logic and space among others. Mathematical reasoning comprises of systematic models, which lead to the acquisition of numeracy skills. Therefore, Math is necessary for making scientific deductions and developing numeracy. The difference between Math and Numeracy lies in their concepts. The two also have similarities in application. Mathematics The Mathematical calculations facilitate for the development of different discoveries(Sierinska Kilpatrick, 2012). Under the mathematic laws, objectivity provides concrete evidence for applications in real life situations. Its classification includes pure and applied mathematics. Pure mathematical concepts such as arithmetic is useful in scientific studies like engineering and physics. It presents ideas and models for studying abstract phenomenon such as abstract research on space distance. Its ideas also provide solutions in applied mathematics for subjects like social research. Mathematics simplifies notions and classifies case studies. Algebra, which is part of its study, provides rules for manipulating numbers. It also comprises of geometry, which focuses on figures, shapes and sizes. Numeracy Numeracy is a skill obtained from studying Mathematics. Learners who have the ability to use numbers and Math concepts have numeracy skills(Purpura, Hume, Sims, Lonigan, 2011). Being literate in Math calls for an ability to reason using numbers. It involves the use of a wide variety of concepts in problem solving. Referred to as logic reasoning or thinking it consists of knowledge in calculations, data interpretation, reading charts, processes and numbers. Reasoning through numbers calls for an understanding of Mathematical concepts such as arithmetic, statistics, geometry, and others. Learners have different levels of numeracy therefore the assessment levels also vary. For example, foundation mathematics teaches basic mathematic concepts like addition, subtraction and multiplication. Advanced learners know how to make deductions from complex concepts like ratios, probabilities and matrices. Professional numeracy involves the use of multiple concepts. Similarities between Math and Arithmetic The development of numeracy skills starts at an early stage and develops to maturity depending on the exposure of the learner. Competency in numeracy skills dictates that the learner has the ability to process, make interpretation and communicate mathematic concepts effectively. This calls for a combination of different ideas such as the analysis and interpretation of frequencies, graphs and trends. Thus, Math and numeracy are similar in application. Their concepts overlap during application. Both concepts have evolved over time and they apply to real life situations. Numeracy helps people run bank accounts and make purchases while Math helps business people to make transactions. Both involve the use of numbers for problem solving. The application of Mathematics and numbers is evident in the creation of timetables, and setting the time. Preschool and early numeracy learning Evidence: Pirjo, A., Pekka, H., Joannes, E. H., Jari-Matt, V. (2014). The development of early numeracy skills in kindergaten in low-average-and high perfomance groups. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 13(1), 3-16 Description: Pirjo, Pekka, Joannes, Jari-Matt (2014) note that the development of early numeracy skills in preschool children is different in all children. Though numeracy starts early, there are factors which influence the development of numeracy in preschoolers. Teachers support this development by breaking down complex arithmetic lessons into simple tasks that learners enjoy. Rationale: This resource supports the mental capacities and the development of numeracy skills. Understanding numbers starts with early development of math skills(Stanberry, 2017). Young learners between 2 and 5 years learn math by counting physical objects from memory. Activities such as measuring water jars, counting bubbles and building blocks simplify math concepts for the learners. Numerical skills acquired through interesting math concepts from real world examples are memorable(Yelland, 2011). However, the mind develops through training and learning activities. Learners need professionally trained teachers to develop complex numerical skills. Although there are inborn abilities, this age group also learns numeracy from exposure(Morales, Calvo, Bialystok, 2013). Application: Learning mathematical concepts is easier with practical examples from what children have seen, touched or interacted with and kids games are excellent. Computerized games and rhymes also use common themes that children can comprehend. Learning through fun and games or audiovisual shapes childrens memory. Children in preschool learn counting by shapes, numbers and simple charts. In order to acquire numeracy, learners draw, classify and count different items. Singing in numerical themes is one way to motivate arithmetic learning. The preschool themes come to life with experiences that children can connect and interact with when learning. Among these are video clips of activities done with parents and caregivers. Math in the real world reveals challenges and opportunities. Buying items at the groceries provides a number of math ideas for learners. This is a chance for children to learn math addition, subtraction, and shapes. Using a video on the market place reminds childre n of shopping experiences. Using their favorite fruits helps them to add fruits and vegetables. This age may not be conversant with pricing but will learn counting and subtracting items. Age, vocabulary and attention abilities are some factors, which determine the effectiveness of the learning process(Melissa, Lisa, Halberda, 2013). Videos, toys, the internet, books, and magazines are some useful learning resources for preschool mathematics. Planned Play and Incidental Play Experiences Evidence: Robinson, K. (2011). Out of our minds: Learning to be creative. John Wiley Sons Description: Using interesting and creative ideas stimulates the learners mind(Robinson, 2011). Play based learning curriculum consists of creative games such as dancing, ball games and building blocks. In order to develop numeracy effectively, a teacher adds incidental play experiences in the learning environment. Leaning math is interesting with colorful blocks made of different shapes. Rationale: Structured play needs planned and incidental experiences because children can recognize shapes and symbols depending on familiarity. Shaping a students attitude towards math calls for the incorporation of fun in learning. Further research shows the importance of building blocks in helping students to learn math(Clements, Sarama, Spitler, Lange, Wolfe, 2011). The resource identifies planned play as effective in the development of math because it relies on research evidence. Planned play includes outdoor and indoor activities that children enjoy. Psychologists and educational researchers encourage the use of creativity in solving problems and brainstorming. However, learning outcome is not always positive and it hinders the childs ability to become independent in creativity. Application: Creating a conducive learning environment fosters learning through Incidental play. Children develop math ideas through incidences like drawing. The combination of songs and sequence images helps young learners to connect numbers and their symbols. Having a song board in the play school connects the learner to unplanned learning. This environment is conducive for children with mental challenges like Autism(Baron-Cohen, Tager-Flusberg, Lombardo, 2013). Shaping arithmetic skills needs both planned and incidental learning activities. This is important because it replaces negative behavior with attention and interactive behavior. Family members and caregivers are important elements in incidental learning because children also grasp information from observation and repeated action(Jonassen Land, 2012). Effective and efficient learning involves both formal and informal processes. ECD learning is important in shaping futures math careers therefore a learning institution needs a good plan. Planned play is effective in mentorship programs and professional training. Planned play sticks within the curriculum in order to ensure that learners understand variety of concepts. On the other hand, incidental learning is good for reflective, experimental and impromptu learning. An integrated model provides a comprehensive approach that caters for classroom and out of class learning for the effective development of numeracy(Entwistle, 2013). Mathematics in primary school Evidence: Beswick, K. (2012). Teachers' beliefs about school mathematics and mathematicians' mathematics and their relationship to practice. Educational Studies in mathematics, 79(1), 127-147 Description: Learning mathematics in primary school forms the foundation of careers in mathematics, but does not shape a mathematician. School mathematics has a different focus from its practice in real life. The classroom math has different activities from what mathematician practice. Based on these differences, it is difficult to predict a students outcome at primary level. Rationale: A successful learning experience in math could lead to a mathematician career. However, the field of mathematics practice is highly diversified. Primary level learners have a wide variety of subjects to choose from and this makes it hard to predict a students trend or career choice. A good mathematics foundation prepares learners for careers in different sectors including sciences and technology careers (McAleavy, 2012). In order to shape a primary school student into a mathematician the student needs exposure to a math-oriented curriculum. This is important in sharpening the ability to memorize, develop progression and focus on numeracy continuously. Application: Mathematics as a subject is complex. It requires a comprehensive learning approach that encourages innovative and friendly training. This is a better option than coercive training, which affects the learners attitude. The process of training future mathematicians follows learning theories such as constructivism, which has instrumental and progressive learning(Jonassen Land, 2012). Its effect supports knowledge obtained from the cognitive abilities and the nurturing environment. As a result, the learner can pursue different interests. A learners attitude is important in an arithmetic based career. Choosing to focus on numeracy prepares a learner for an independent professional development. A mathematicians career needs an in-depth analysis of concepts giving the learner confidence. The primary school learning environment helps the student to learn standard procedures while discovering strategies for solving mathematical problems. This stage motivates and removes any anxi eties that the student may have. Primary arithmetic shapes the cognitive in order to prepare the learner for complex problems in future. Different grades have concepts to develop the reasoning capacity in stages (Mrbee, 2017). Among these is Meta recognition, rules of calculation, concepts and identification of facts. Math and the learning environment Evidence: Charlesworth, R. (2015). Math and science for young children. Cengage. Description: The learning environment determines the successful implementation of science and math subjects. It encourages awareness creation through the stimulation of ideas. Education in numeracy combines extrinsic factors such as assessments, curriculum, professional instruction and coaching. Mathematical skills mature over time hence a conducive environment caters for different approaches including classroom, audio visual and outdoor learning. Rationale: An example of a stimulating math-learning environment is the Princeton International School of Mathematics and Science(PRISMS, 2016). In this environment, learners experiment and share knowledge. The students also participate in the content development of the curriculum. The authenticity of the curriculum has in mind the learners ability and motivations. As a result, its evaluation and learning processes shape the learner into becoming mathematicians and scientists. Although this conditioned learning is effective in focusing the learners attention, it limits the students creative abilities to innovate and diversify into different careers. This may also have monotony, which affects the motivation and students efficiency. Application: Researchers support a mixed learning environment because it is inclusive(Salvia, Ysseldyke, Witmer, 2012). A math-learning environment is exclusive and it targets specific qualifications and learners. Students wishing to join such learning institutions need to pass certain tests. Its curriculum design provides an opportunity for professional development. Students have a chance to explore each other and widen their curiosity. Having common standards of learning within the learning environment encourages the development of the subject and it encourages competence( National Research Council, 2012). The learning environment is crucial for individuals and teams. Behaviorist propose the use of rewards for a positive outcome in a learning environment. Math students need both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in order to succeed(Sadler, Sonnert, Hazari, Tai, 2012). Pursuing a career in mathematics calls for inner drive. Evidently, learners in preschool, primary and high schoo l levels learn math at different levels because children have multiple intellectual abilities. However, specialization in professional development calls for a focus. When designing the learning environment for the development of numeracy skills, it is important to consider the teaching strategies. This encourages consistency and learners can gain knowledge by exploration. Motivating learners for numeracy skills Evidence: Attard, C. (2014). I dont like it, I dont love it, and I dont mind. Introducing a framework for engagement with mathematics. Curriculum Perspective, 34(3), 1-14 Description: The primary and secondary school curriculum comprises of mathematics as one of the major subjects. The significance of numeracy skills is evident in learners literacy levels. However, a good number of learners lack the passion for math. How can teachers motivate learners to develop a passion and open mind for mathematics? Rationale: The process of learning numeracy through mathematics is important. Its agenda is to prepare competent learners ready for the professional and real life application. The environment needs an effective environment for reasoning, planning and learning. Factors affecting the learner include foundational learning, exposure to the external environment and individual drive(Dabbah Kitsantas, 2012). Each student has a perception on his or her learning environment. Some students learn better through exploration while others embrace learning through the social environment. Learning environments have both formal and informal approaches in order to accommodate all kinds of learners. However, having an environment that motivates all individuals is impossible. Application: The development of numeracy skills has different effects on learners. Some pursue math courses in order to develop problem-solving skills. In other incidences learner intends to understand the basic concepts. However motivating them towards pursuing math related careers takes individual efforts(Posamentier, 2013). Every learning institution needs to invest in quality teachers and curriculum development for intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The performance of the learning teams depends on the personality of the teachers, the classroom environment, motivation from the school and learning techniques. The development of numeracy is a continuous process and visible change in individuals is important. Classroom and out of class challenges stimulate the learner but practical application gives them the interest. The use of puzzles and games makes the games practical. Learning math is important for numeracy skills. It provides important skills for everyday life. Baking requires accurate measures of ingredients, and surveyors make use of perimeter, circumference and length measurements to allocate land. Numeracy helps professionals and leaners across different levels. Its wide knowledge comprises of different theories and symbols for problem solving, estimation, measurements and mathematical ideas. This makes math subjects useful across different industries. Students should learn about its wide variety of definitions for different subjects of study, scientific and artistic applications(Brophy, 2013). New modalities and math Evidence: Beschorner, B., Hutchinson, A. (2013). Ipads as a literacy teaching tool in early childhood. Online Submission, 1(1), 16-24 Description: Beschorner Hutchinson ( 2013) agrees that the use of technoloogy is important today. Young children use ICT applications and devices for classroom learning. The use of ipads as a teaching method is preschool has its pros and cons. In mathematics, the counting games support the learners by boosting their thinking ability. Rationale: The new modalities of teaching and learning mathematics includes ICT applications and devices. These technology tools enhance learning through lively digital experiences. This gives children the exposure to modern learning techniques. Although there have been concerns that the use of computer in learning alters the teaching modalities, there are some play school games that are beneficial. Incorporating them in the planned and incidental play has more benefits than harm. The creative use of ICT in the development of numeracy skills needs effective model that will not hinder social development of the child. Preschool learning is supposed to be holistic(Desoete, Ceulemans, De Weerdt, Pieters, 2012). Application: The use of counting games within an Early Childhood context is effective and does not inhibit play behavior. In order to create an engaging activity using ICT, devices such as iPads have computer supported learning (CSCL) themes, which young people enjoy (Light Blaye). Research on the use of tablets for home and school learning environments agrees that tablets have practical applications for learning numeracy(Neumann Neumann, 2014). However, in order to avoid misusing technology in learning, the effective use of the iPad, is important. This will distinguish between its impact as a teaching support tool and its effective use by learners and teachers. Children can easily learn about mathematic symbols and shapes through the images and pictures portrayed in audiovisual technology. Educational software provides 3D and animation characters for easy learning. The games improve children creativity and problem solving skills for a positive attitude in learners. However, techno logy may not be affordable for all students. Teachers also need to monitor preschoolers use of technology for the greatest benefits. Web based platforms provide a wider scope of understanding and it enhances the instructional delivery modules. It also encourages learners to explore mathematics with an open mind for future development. Conclusion Numeracy is the ability to understand and interpret patterns, formulations and logic and applications is numeracy. Useful for theoretical applications, it provides practical approaches for daily functions and operations. Mathematical subjects prepare learners by equipping them with these skills. Early childhood development shapes the trend for the future. However, it takes a continuous learning process for a learner to focus on a career in math. This may not happen in preschool nor primary level. Whether physical or digital, the learning environment needs to have important elements that encourage the development of a mathematician. This includes teachers, learning platforms, curriculum and the social surrounding. References National Research Council. (2012). A framework for K-12 science education: Practices, crosscutting concepts and core ideas. National Academies Press. Attard, C. (2014). I dont like it, I dont love it, and I dont mind. Introducing a framework for engagement with mathematics. Curriculum Perspective, 34(3), 1-14. Baron-Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H., Lombardo, M. (2013). Understanding other minds: Perspectives from developmental social neuroscience. Oxford University Press. Beschorner, B., Hutchinson, A. (2013). Ipads as a literacy teaching tool in early childhood. Online Submission, 1(1), 16-24. Beswick, K. (2012). Teachers' beliefs about school mathematics and mathematicians' mathematics and their relationship to practice. Educational Studies in mathematics, 79(1), 127-147. Bishop, E., Bridges, D. (2012). Constructive analysis. Springer Science Business Media. Brophy, J. (2013). Motivating students to learn. Routledge. Charlesworth, R. (2015). Math and science for young children. Cengage. Clements, C. D., Sarama, J., Spitler, M. A., Lange, A., Wolfe, C. B. (2011). Mathematics learned by young children in an intervention based on learning trajectories: A large-scale cluster randomized trial. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 42(2), 127-166. Dabbah, N., Kitsantas, A. (2012). Personal Learning Environments, social media, self regulated: A natural formula for connecting formal and informal learning. The Internet and higher education, 15(1), 3-8. Desoete, A., Ceulemans, A., De Weerdt, F., Pieters, S. (2012). Can we predct mathematical learning from symbolic and non symbolic comparison tasks in kidergarten? Findings from a longitudinal study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 64-81. Entwistle, N. (2013). Styles of learning and teaching: An integrated outline of educational psychology for students, teachers and lecturers. Routledge. Jonassen, D., Land, S. (2012). Theoretical foundations of learning environments. Routledge. Light, P., Blaye, A. (n.d.). Collaborative problem solving with hypercard: The influence of peer interaction on planning and information handling strategies. In C. O'Malley, Computer Supported Collaborative Learning. McAleavy, T. (2012, July 20). Exploring different approaches to teaching primary maths. The Guardian. Retrieved September 16, 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/2012/jul/20/primary-maths-programme Melissa, E. l., Lisa, F., Halberda, J. (2013). Is appropriate number precision a stable or math ability? Learning and individual differences, 25, 126-133. Morales, J., Calvo, A., Bialystok, E. (2013). Working memory development in monolingual and bilingual children. Journal of experimental child psychology, 114(2), 187-202. Mrbee, T. (2017, June 23). Developing reasoning skills in primary school pupils. Retrieved September 14, 2017, from thirdspacelearning: https://www.thirdspacelearning.com/blog/2017/developing-reasoning-how-to-improve-maths-reasoning-skills-in-primary-school-pupils Neumann, D., Neumann, M. (2014). Touch screen tablets and emergent literacy. Early Childhood Educational Journal, 42(4), 231-239. Pirjo, A., Pekka, H., Joannes, E. H., Jari-Matt, V. (2014). The development of early numeracy skills in kindergaten in low-average-and high perfomance groups. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 13(1), 3-16. Posamentier, A. (2013, November 1). 9 strategies for motivating students in mathematics: Keeping your hioigh school math students engaged with these techniques. Edutopia. Retrieved September 16, 2017, from https://www.edutopia.org/blog/9-strategies-motivating-students-mathematics-alfred-posamentier PRISMS. (2016). Princeton International School of Mathematics and Science. Retrieved from prismsus.org: https://www.prismsus.org/ Purpura, D. J., Hume, L. E., Sims, D., Lonigan, C. (2011). Early literacy and early numeracy: the value of including early literacy skills in the prediction of numeracy development. Journal of experimental child psychology, 110(4), 647-658. Robinson, K. (2011). Out of our minds: Learning to be creative. John Wiley Sons. Sadler, P. M., Sonnert, G., Hazari, Z., Tai, R. (2012). Stability and volatility of STEM career interest in high school: A gender study. Science Education, 96(3), 411-427. Salvia, J., Ysseldyke, J., Witmer, S. (2012). Assessment: in special and inclusive education. Cengage Learning. Sierinska, A., Kilpatrick, J. (2012). Mathematics education as a research domain: A search for identity. Springer Science Business Media. Stanberry, K. (2017). Understanding numbers and counting skills in preschoolers. Retrieved from getreadytoread.org: https://www.getreadytoread.org/early-learning-childhood-basics/early-math/understanding-numbers-and-counting-skills-in-preschoolers Yelland, N. (2011). Reconceptualising play and learning in the lives of young children. Ausralian Journal of Early Childhood, 36(2), 4.

The Sun Also Rises Essays (823 words) - The Sun Also Rises, Feeling

The Sun Also Rises The Sun Also Rises is a novel that depicts the ?lost generation? of adults that live in the years following the Great War. These individuals have lost their belief in God and in the after-life. Because of their loss of touch with reality, they seemingly stumble through their lives, living for each day. The book centers around the Jake and Brett and their friends. These characters certainly live only for the day that is now. Through their actions and the situations that they create, Hemmingway uses them to express the feelings that he personally felt during the era. The first thing that the characters represent is the impotency of life. Through the character of Jake, who is impotent, Hemmingway shows the hopelessness and pointlessness of life. In the story, Jake is unable to have Brett, his love, due to the fact that he is impotent. Therefore, he tries to support her and help her in her endeavors. However, he always maintains his love for her, which shows that his actions have a superficial quality to them. This represents the feelings of Hemmingway that the period is fake and useless. Through Jake and his aims and feelings, Hemmingway is able to represent the helplessness of the people of the time to deal with their problems and go through them. Instead, they ran from them and pushed them aside but never out of the way. Hemmingway himself did this by withdrawing from society. Because of the general feeling that life was meaningless and did not affect the future, the people of the period lived for today and never planned for tomorrow. They felt that once death came, life was over and there was nothing else. The Great War had instilled in them that there was no God, or if there was, he was not watching. Thus, they lived for only what they saw or wanted today. This is evident in the story through the fact that all the characters simply drink to pass time. It is also shown through the way that Brett has no problem sleeping with several partners during the story. These examples show that the people of the time were definitely living for the day and that death was nothing. Another feeling that the characters of the story were looking for was a feeling of belonging. They all bonded together in order to pass their time drinking and having a good time. They felt alienated by the society from which they came from. Because the Great War had created a ?lost generation?, which withdrew from the societies and cultures that had created the tragedy of the war, many of the people comprising these alienated groups simply looked for a place to belong. These people searched for those who felt the same way to live for the day. This is evident in the story through the fact that all the characters are together to simply live for the day and to belong to a group that enjoys the same things. For example, the characters go together on vacation to Spain in order to watch the bullfights. They all drink together and share many of the same feelings toward society. Basically, they have bonded together to withdraw from society and live in a way that reflects the feelings that they have for the culture and the Great War and all the extra feelings that come with it all. These feelings require the quality of courage in order to deal with them. It takes courage for the characters of the story to go on after all that they have seen and dealt with during the Great War. Especially in the case of Jake, who has lost his fertility and with it his feeling of manhood. He is forced to redefine what his meaning of masculinity is and to deal with the fact that he can never have Brett. It takes Jake tremendous courage to deal with all his feelings. It probably takes courage for all the characters to even get up in the morning into a world of which they feel alienated. Each character is involved in their lifestyle due to the fact that they have in some way been affected greatly by the Great War and it takes courage for them to go on after all the horror and death that they have seen in their lives. This book effectively represents the feelings of the time and the feelings of Hemmingway. However, it is difficult to relate the